The scenario you described will absolutely fall under most card networks' transaction dispute rules. In day-to-day spending a debit card is just as safe as a credit card when it comes to fraud or malicious merchants.
The only time a credit card will be better is grey areas where a card network dispute doesn't succeed, in which case the law in most countries forces the credit card provider to eat the loss. In some of those cases, the reason why a credit card chargeback succeeds is not necessarily because you are right (if you were, the dispute process would've succeeded anyway) but because the amount is too low for the issuer to care so they just eat it to not have to investigate and/or litigate the issue.
Citation needed.
The scenario you described will absolutely fall under most card networks' transaction dispute rules. In day-to-day spending a debit card is just as safe as a credit card when it comes to fraud or malicious merchants.
The only time a credit card will be better is grey areas where a card network dispute doesn't succeed, in which case the law in most countries forces the credit card provider to eat the loss. In some of those cases, the reason why a credit card chargeback succeeds is not necessarily because you are right (if you were, the dispute process would've succeeded anyway) but because the amount is too low for the issuer to care so they just eat it to not have to investigate and/or litigate the issue.