Would or could a technological singularity lead to a gravitational singularity?
Assuming the technological singularity is always trying to gain more information and quicker than it did the previous clock cycle, I would think it would both expand out to grasp new information as well as make what it has more dense.
Information presumably takes up some space and has some mass. Ever increasing the amount of it and confining it in a smaller and smaller volume of space would I think lead to a gravitational singularity.
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I think you need to check your history. In the early days, before closed/proprietary software, source code was often shared between programmers.
Lets look at text editors. They did not begin "closed source" - but companies have a team of people to help SELL their products, even if they are inferior to whats already out there.
Baically, once computers matured was an opportunity to make a buck. Companies started selling their products for a fee. I would not be surprised if the source code was included before someone realised people can just pay for the executable. More money can be made by excluding the source code so new updates can also be for a fee.
(Lets not talk about "End user Licence Agreements" in this post, OK)
The "dominance" of closed source is really about companies with money controlling the status quo, with lawyers and sales teams knowing how to push it in favour.
Companies like Micro$oft today have soo much money they dictate the direction our computers systems are going. They push it in a direction that favours them. They have a hand controlling the flow, like other big companies having a hand trying to change to stream for their intent and purposes.
This is why -- whether you love him or hate him, I have much respects for people like Richard Stallman or others like Linus Torvalds.. to name a few!
You want to talk about "innovation" ?? What do you think these "Closed source innovations" are build with? Software is created using a Programming language such as Python, C++, C, Javascript, etc... the VAST MAJORITY being free to use, under some sort of Open Source community!
Lets also look at large companies in general.. many of which are not innovating... they are just purchasing smaller companies that are trying to do new things... closed source software or not.
Lastly, lets also be honest that innovation is not created out of thin air -- everything is inspired by something previously.. whether a failed experiment or something already successful. New ideas come about with more failures.. but comes further ideas until, eventually, we have something successful!
Linux may be inspired by other Operating Systems, and those were inspired by other things, etc. Innovation is progressive. Point I am making, if any company found ANY opportunity to build a closed-source version to shut down a popular Open Source equiverlant... THEY WOULD DO IT!
GPLv3 is a legal landmine. In fact, GPL itself is wildly unpopular compared to more open licenses. The FSF is getting what it deserve here. Open source predates the FSF and will remain long after the FSF is dead.
The BSD releases did not form a complete OS and were not runnable except in combination with source code from ATT Unix, which was emphatically proprietary software. The first release of BSD that was unequivocally legal for anyone to acquire and run without getting ATT's permission was 4.4BSD-Lite in June 1994. (Yes, organizations did create OSes from BSD Networking Release 2 (Net/2) released in June 1991, but legal uncertainty hung around them for years.)
In contrast, by 1984, Stallman had already formed a close working relationship with a competent lawyer (Eben Moglen) to devise a legal strategy to maximize the probability that everyone will continue to enjoy a list of freedoms (chosen by Stallman) around any software put under the GPL.
> The BSD releases did not form a complete OS and were not runnable except in combination with source code from ATT Unix, which was emphatically proprietary software.
Is that the measure: a complete OS? When exactly did GNU ship a complete OS?
IMHO none of the above is relevant to the question which was first. IMHO both were not first. IBM, among others, were shipping source code with their product, until they didn't. OSS is and was a reaction to an only object model. And there were seeds at Berkeley and MIT.
And Stallman isn't strictly responsible for the MIT strain. As Keith Packard said in his "A Political History of X", the X11 project chose not use the GPL license, because Stallman was simply too annoying.
The fact that BSD was incomplete is relevant because it illustrates the fact that the only people who could run BSD were shops that had a source-code license for the proprietary AT&T Unix.
> the only people who could run BSD were shops that had a source-code license for the proprietary AT&T Unix.
So -- finally! -- that's the measure of OSS? It must run on non-proprietary systems? Not simply the source code? OSS that runs on Windows or MacOS or VMS is not actually OSS?
You figure that Linux is the first non-proprietary system in 1991? Not 4.3BSD released in 1989?
I think you can understand my and others reluctance to state definitively Stallman was first, when by a dozen different metrics he wasn't. I'm still trying to understand what he was supposedly first at? First to find a lawyer?
Linux is important. GNU is important. BSD is important. And they remain important. I don't think any of them are made more important by distinguishing only one and not the others. Like -- as much as it pains me to say it, because of how I loath Stallman and the FSF, GCC was more than important to the entire ecosystem for years. Until LLVM, it was required. Etc, etc.
I want to say around 2006 or 2007 was the first time a 'normal' *nix hacker could install and boot[0] a complete GNU OS[1] and get something resembling work done (ie edit and compile C code in vi or emacs). (yes I know the question was rhetorical)
[0] without having to to a bunch of bootstrapping steps and other hackery
[1] Technically 'shipped' by Debian rather than GNU/FSF
> but legal uncertainty hung around them for years.
I mean if we're going to split hairs and play this game, SCO claimed ownership to alleged Unix code in Linux which wasn't initially resolved until 2008 or so (and further continued for another decade). That never stopped anybody.
Yes, but not having a copy of the source code for ATT Unix stopped everyone from using BSD or any system based on BSD till 1991. Again, before then BSD was very far from being a complete OS.
So BSD has severe shortcomings as an answer to the question that started this thread, namely, "Can you show examples of impactful open software that predates fsf and stallman?"
The first time any BSD code was made publicly available was Networking Release 1 (just contained the networking stack) in 1989, or around 5 years after Stallman started the GNU project. It took until Networking Release 2 in 1991 for the code for a runnable BSD operating system to be made publicly available. Prior to that, BSD was based on proprietary UNIX source code, and anyone who wanted to run it had to purchase a source code license from AT&T.
> or around 5 years after Stallman started the GNU project.
So 5 years after he started with an empty repo and some political ramblings?
GNU did not have a working system until Linus released Linux in 1992. They had pieces and components which were worthless on their own.
There is a lot of deliberate ignorance of public domain code being posted on BBSes at the time. I'm not discounting anything Richard did but let's not rewrite history here.
> So 5 years after he started with an empty repo and some political ramblings?
Or around 4 years after the first public GNU Emacs release, 4 years after the first public GNU Bison release, 3 years after the first public GDB release, and 2 years after the first public GCC release.
> GNU did not have a working system until Linus released Linux in 1992. They had pieces and components which were worthless on their own.
Correct, just like how the initial public BSD release was just the networking stack (worthless on its own).
> There is a lot of deliberate ignorance of public domain code being posted on BBSes at the time.
Not sure where you got that from. Nobody claims that Stallman was the first one to come up with publicly releasing source code. I will say that a lot of the "public domain" software from back then lacks the uniformity you see from later movements like free software or open source. Some of it isn't even public domain, and has a license like "this is copyright me, any modified copies must have my copyright statement preserved, this software may not be used for commercial purposes".
> GNU did not have a working system until Linus released Linux in 1992. They had pieces and components which were worthless on their own.
People were installing GNU onto existing Unix systems because GNU was better than they were distributed with. Maybe they did that with components of BSD Net/1 - no one has ever told me they did but it probably happened - but that was definitively post GNU.
Anyway, I'm not sure if this matters so much to the debate. Stallman was reacting to a change. He rambled politically and wrote some code to back it up because he used to be able to do things, and now he could only do them if he would write some code and win some allies.
> GNU did not have a working system until Linus released Linux in 1992. They had pieces and components which were worthless on their own.
Whether or not GNU had an OS or would ever have an OS has nothing to do with anything, though. What are you trying to illustrate? Those "pieces and components" are some of the most used pieces of software in history.
Sharing (typically via tape) of software utilities use to be very common in every user group from the start (1960s). It was just the culture, and expected. Especially IBM mainframe users, DEC VMS.
Of course the answer to your question depends on the definition of 'open source' and 'impactful'.
The fact that Elon Musk panicked and sold X to xAI means that he is believes Tesla stock, which backed the original X deal, is weak and will fall. It's a very bearish signal for TSLA.
Usually it does de-dupe any submission with "significant attention", but I'm not sure what the threshold for that is.
I'd think the submissions from two days ago (206 points, 93 comments) would have qualified. (It's the exact same URL so that's not why it wasn't de-duped either.)
Yes, he can manually merge duplicate submissions and their comments.
But there's times when I've submitted items that are dupes and it just takes me to the recent submission and adds an upvote. Now here's something weird: I just tested this by submitting the URL from this submission with the same title and it immediately took me to the discussion from two days ago.
It's a convenient theory, but if the refresh were the only reason for the dip in sales, Trump wouldn't be on the Whitehouse lawn begging people to buy Teslas, like the corrupt car salesman he is.
Sure, but you can't cite this puzzle as proof that this model is "better than 95+% of the population at mathematical reasoning" when the method of solving (the "answer") it is online, and the model has surely seen it.
