Mostly ionized oxygen, sulfur, iron, various random metals and light elements.

The magnetosphere and solar wind

Hard to sue someone in another country.

Lead is permeable to gamma rays.

Lead is quite a good gamma shield. It's modestly permeable to neutrons and high energy electrons.

It's really not hard to hide both neutron and gamma emissions, especially if you have a large enough container, like a ship's hold.

I would absolutely expect any nuclear exchange to start with ground-based stealth attacks.

There's no obligation to give useful feedback. Just to not waste people's time with unuseful feedback. We want to maintain the high signal to noise ratio. If you don't feel like providing signal is worth your time, the correct alternative is not to add noise.

You may not owe Sam or any individual better than this, but you do owe quite a bit better to the community you're participating in here.

Something is fundamentally dishonest about the way Sam Altman recruits people. Something that PG never had problems with

I just stopped using fountain pens when my $3 ones broke

Would explain the billions of new spam emails I've been receiving.

Efficiency of this model is only 2.56%, so... probably not yet.

Nice work finding the paper.