> Such data show us that important cultural developments in the fourth millennium B.C.E.—including the Yamnaya migration and the dissemination of kurgans and Indo-European culture—probably took place many centuries before the first horses were domesticated
I can't find the citations to this in the article.
The tone of the article seems like this author has a particular schtick with the Yamnaya and / or the Indo Europeans. A lot of academia and journalists do this so not surprised.
Reading the abstract is a lot more pleasant than the article, which rambles.
Sounds like the author is supporting a theory that horse-riding spread along with Indo-Iranian languages (Sintashta culture) rather than earlier. Which doesn't seem crazy to me.
Horses were definitely livestock for a long time before that, kept for meat and dairy. They were very useful on the steppe because unlike cattle (which were imported from elsewhere), they can dig through snow to forage.
This is probably a naive question but very relevant to what we have here.
In a protocol where a oft-repeated request goes through multiple intermediaries, usually every intermediate will be able to cache the response for common queries (Eg: DNS).
In theory, ISPs would be able to do the same with the HTTP. Although I am not aware of anyone doing such (since it will rightfully raise concerns of privacy and tampering).
Now TLS (or other encryption) will break this abstraction. Every user, even if they request a live stream, receives a differently encrypted response.
But live stream of a popular boxing match has nothing to do with the "confidentiality" of encryption protocol, only integrity.
Do we have a protocol which allows downstream intermediates eg ISPs to cache content of the stream based on demand, while a digital signature / other attestation being still cryptographically verified by the client?
there's Named Data Networking (went by Content-Centric Networking earlier). You request data, not a url, the pipe/path becomes the CDN. If any of your nearest routers have the bytes, your request will go no further.
I don't see it much mentioned the last few years, but the research groups have ongoing publications. There's an old 2006 Van Jacobson video that is a nice intro.
I can't find the citations to this in the article.
The tone of the article seems like this author has a particular schtick with the Yamnaya and / or the Indo Europeans. A lot of academia and journalists do this so not surprised.