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> But 27-bit hash codes were too big: with 2^15 words, they needed 2^15 * 27 bits of memory, while the PDP-11 had only 2^15 * 16 bits (64kB) of RAM—compression was essential.

I'm frustrated when people put this kind of typography on the web. HTML can do superscript.


Then you should enjoy this article because nearly all the expressions are presented as proper mathematical equations bar the few places where those expressions are pseudocode


I hope the folding and normalization is configurable by language. I really hate it when some search decides that a and ä are the same letter. In Finnish they really aren't; "saari" is an island, "sääri" is the lower leg or shin.


Currently, you can choose between tokenizers with or without folding. But configurability per language or full customizability of the folding logic by the user is a good idea.


This is an interesting linguistic rabbithole about my former employer's name, for no particular reason.


Cheap travel is a horrible thing for the world. Mass tourism has destroyed a lot.


Another, less pleasant way to say this:

You don't want everyone to travel - many people don't have a sense of respect and "light foot" that it takes to travel to foreign places without degrading or damaging them.


I want everyone to travel. It might take a while, but travel is one of the most effective ways to teach people how to have respect for others and behave better. How else will they ever learn?

Tourists might be annoying but scolds, killjoys, and condescending elitists are far worse.


Not everyone has to do everything.

Not everyone wants to (Openness), or could reasonably do a good job of respecting the host culture and environment (Agreeableness and Conscientiousness).


This amounts to “only rich people should be able to travel”


Probably only rich people can afford to travel in a sustainable way. I’m thinking specifically if the carbon costs are priced into airfare (for example), flying may be out of reach for many of us.


This is why there is a global pushback against “climate elitist” policies like carbon tax and congestion pricing

I, for one, will never vote for making my flights more expensive


There are ways to do it where you can get broad buy-in.

For example, say you added a $X / mile flight tax that collected $50 billion dollars in a year. You then take that money and divide it up evenly among all tax payers. Around 200 million people file taxes each year, so that would be a $250 refund to each filer. For people who never fly, that's free money. For people who fly infrequently, they probably break even. People who fly all the time pay a lot more. You reward non-flyers and penalize frequent flyers.

But you're right. We're all selfish. I want you would stop flying because it's bad for the climate but I'm not going to stop because my personal utility from flying is very high.


Rationally yes, but it’s the same deal with the carbon tax where people smell elitism and start seeing red. At least the Canadian version paid out a dividend, and we all know what’s going to happen to that one come next election.


Wait until you hear what the Soviet Union did to its own lands without any tourists whatsoever.


>> [Them] "A causes B"

> [You] "But C also causes B!"

Whataboutism.


What are es and rc? Can you give some links?


Search for "rc shell" and "es shell"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rc_(Unix_shell)

https://wryun.github.io/es-shell/

They are alternative shells, both from the 90's I believe. POSIX was good in some ways, but bad in that it froze a defective shell design

It has been acknowledged as defective for >30 years

https://www.oilshell.org/blog/2019/01/18.html#slogans-to-exp...

---

es shell is heavily influenced by Lisp. And actually I just wrote a comment that said my project YSH has garbage collection, but the es shell paper has a nice section on garbage collection (which is required for Lisp-y data structures)

And I took some influence from it

Trivia: one of the authors of es shell, Paul Haahr, went on to be a key engineer in the creation of Google


Thanks, I didn't know that about es!


It's common practice to open the socket to start listening on the <1024 port, then drop the root privileges and continue as a different user.


On a modern Linux system, it’s better to use the CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE capability instead. Then you don’t need to start the process as root at all.


I can assure you, shipyards here in Finland are just as, if not more, unionized.


This is a common communication problem between Americans and Europeans where we're using the same word to mean two different types of organization. In the US you should replace "union" with "cartel, likely criminal" eg the boilermakers

"A federal grand jury in Kansas returned an indictment yesterday charging seven defendants, including five current and former high-level officers of the International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmith, Forgers and Helpers (Boilermakers Union) for their alleged roles in a 15-year, $20 million embezzlement scheme."

https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/two-former-presidents-boilerm...


Maybe the problem isn't with American unions, it's with American corruption.

In other words maybe there's just less corruption in Finland.


$20M is small potatoes for a $300M ship that's now costing in the billions.


I would guess the shipbuilding industry in Finland is also built on subsidy and "protectionism" just like every other successful industry too. A cursory google search shows millions that were made available to shipbuilders: https://www.businessfinland.fi/en/for-finnish-customers/serv...

I'd bet that's just scratching the surface. The only way any country has been able to develop their productive capacities is through public grants and subsidies. The history of US industry shows the same thing, research in materials, electronics, the internet, etc were all accomplished through publicly funded research.


It seems quite likely that Finish unions work differently to US ones. The legal details and organisational traditions matter.


It's just free markets in action. Finland is a small country that depends on international trade. Industries must remain competitive or go out of business. Unions that harm the competitiveness too much won't survive in the long term.

US domestic market is much larger. Uncompetitive industries can survive on domestic demand. Especially with some regulations that help. It doesn't even have to be explicitly protectionist regulation. Just regulate things the way Americans consider the best, instead of adopting international standards. That can create sufficient barriers to entry to allow uncompetitive industries and uncooperative unions survive.


Can you please explain what you mean by employee attrition to a non-native English speaker?


They're hoping a bunch of people quit (instead of complying with the mandate) to reduce headcount/the negative PR of layoffs.


I think he means that some companies would like employees to voluntarily quit


Employees quit for all sorts of reasons. When a company gets big enough, it's just resource management, like a board game. Employee attrition is getting employees to quit without firing them, which is usually cheaper for the company.


It's called Linux From Scratch.


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