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Having control over the virtual to physical address mapping and scatter-gather lists for GPUs is effectively equivalent to kernel-level access anyway, though, because it lets you carry out DMA to and from arbitrary physical memory addresses. Some proprietary drivers for mobile GPUs have even given this level of access to untrusted user processes in the past leading to privilege escalation to root.


Not with IOMMU (Intel VT-d and similar).


And GPUs these days have their own MMUs too.




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