X86 does have array bounds checking now with MPX. Further everything you've mentioned is useful to all languages including the stack. Can you give an example of a negative trade off made for C?
In some languages a call stack is only useful as an optimization and some other form of control flow must be emitted for certain constructs that violate the stack paradigm (e.g. call/cc in Scheme, conditions/restarts in Common Lisp). C is also one of the only languages where general pointer arithmetic is necessary; in most languages used today more restricted forms of pointer arithmetic would be more than adequate.
I am not saying these are negative tradeoffs as far as the ISA goes, but it is absolutely the case that modern CPUs are designed with C (or some similar language) in mind.
Processors exist to run code quickly. Slow ones don't sell very well, so we'd see stack oriented opcodes regardless of C's existence. You would also still use functions like lea, and indexed moves in any language with the concept of an array so that too is not strictly related to C.
Most of the X86's CISC "style" predates C, and the reverse is mostly true - C was heavily inspired by the PDP's instruction set. When the 8086 came out originally BASIC was a far more important language for the class of processor it was. "Serious" software was much more likely to be raw assembler than C. The processor was just too small and compilers weren't good enough.
