Graphical models[0] & probabilistic programming[1], with the latter making it easier for developers to dive into this growing AI trend. Research in the field for the past decade has been steadily booming with more companies like Microsoft leading the way. I recommend checking out some MOOCs[2] in coursera.

[0]http://www.computervisionblog.com/2015/04/deep-learning-vs-p...

[1]http://probabilistic-programming.org/wiki/Home

[2]https://www.coursera.org/specializations/probabilistic-graph...