Patterns (in the gof sense) failed due to over creation of new “patterns” that were not general solutions to a general class of problems.

They failed because many developers decided that the correct way to design software was to choose patterns and then build their software around them.

They failed because they were given these excessively complex definitions that meant things were woefully misused (“Singleton” pattern is particularly terrible example)

They failed because people tried to use them as something other than a general vocabulary to discuss software.