In Turkey 2FA is mandatory for online banking. When you renew your SIM card you cannot login to your account. You need to revalidate your identity with additional steps. I think there is an integration between banks and mobile operators because when you renew our SIM card you don't receive SMS code for login even though the phone number is same.
Another interesting thing is citizenship web site (turkiye.gov.tr). You can buy your password from a postal office. If you forget you have 2 options; postal office or if you provided via your both phone number and email. With this web site you can login to other web sites like "appointment to hospitals" web site.
Furthermore you can login to your turkiye.gov.tr from your bank web site.
I forget to mention that I think if you buy from the new Turkish id cards they give you a password and with that password you can login to turkiye.gov.tr. Hovewer there is a microchip within the id card and I'm not sure how it is used for identification. They sell some devices where you place your id and insert it into the USB and you need to install an application.
Another interesting thing is citizenship web site (turkiye.gov.tr). You can buy your password from a postal office. If you forget you have 2 options; postal office or if you provided via your both phone number and email. With this web site you can login to other web sites like "appointment to hospitals" web site.
Furthermore you can login to your turkiye.gov.tr from your bank web site.
I forget to mention that I think if you buy from the new Turkish id cards they give you a password and with that password you can login to turkiye.gov.tr. Hovewer there is a microchip within the id card and I'm not sure how it is used for identification. They sell some devices where you place your id and insert it into the USB and you need to install an application.
Oh, and in Turkey there is user side certificates too. http://www.turktrust.com.tr/en/products/e-signature/
Another option is so called mobile signatures but I'm not sure how they are used. https://m.turkcell.com.tr/servisler/turkcell-mobil-imza