Microsoft employs many contractors, we tend to call them "vendor staff" internally. More often than not these people will come from external companies who supply the staff, but they will be based on-site and embedded onto a team for the duration of their contract.
Pretty sure I can't name any of our vendor companies, but you can take a guess at some of the bigger ones I'm sure.
It's a misnomer[0]. You usually find this work through vendor companies that actually hold the contracts with BigCo's. To the BigCo, you're a contractor but you're "technically" an FTE with the vendor company, who holds the actual contract (head count x duration) to work at the BigCo.
for the reader, not the writer. he/she obviously knows the word but a potential reader might not and he's just saving them the google search, my guess ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
How do you find such contract work? (at BigCo's I mean)