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This problem is well understood in naval architecture. Some good engineering articles:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_surface_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacentric_height

tl;dr version as I recall: keep holds either mostly full or mostly empty, make assymetric holds and tanks, and use baffles if you have no other options.




True but most of the research is around how to safely handle liquid cargoes.

What the article talks about is 2-phase cargoes, cargoes which are expected to behave as solids but could turn to liquid under certain unpredictable conditions.

Accounting for these scenarios might involve upsetting the economics of said cargo.

Edge cases basically :D


But it seems it can be easily solved having dividers in cargo compartment.

Think of box with a grid inside it

Once the cargo is filled

The grid lines are raised (hydraulics) which compartmentize the whole cargo into blocks.

Invidual compartment will not have enough mass of material inside it to break the dividers if designed properly.


Sounds expensive and complicated.

It's probably cheaper to just have baffles and vacuum the cargo out.

The status quo is cheaper still




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