My note: invoking the first on the given example produces 17 lines of different complaints, most totally irrelevant to the validity of the code (of course it complains about the "style" -- it was written as a "Tool For Style Guide Enforcement"). Invoking the second without the magical switch --check-untyped-defs produces:

    Success: no issues found in 1 source file

and additionally produced a .mypy_cache folder of 2 MB at the place where the script was.

So the style of "unreasonable" defaults of Python alone (not detecting the error, speaking from the point of view of a user of Perl) propagates to the "unreasonable" defaults of the checkers.

Still thanks Ded7xSEoPKYNsDd, I really wasn't aware of these! Yet, even if I haven't formally specified that, I was looking for the way to do it with the Python as the language and its default interpreter alone, as for Perl nothing additional has to be installed:

    use 5.010;
    use strict;

    sub f {
        my $x = shift;
        $x += $q if ( $x == 4 );
        say $x;
    }

    f( $ARGV[ 0 ] );

Gets me:

  Global symbol "$q" requires explicit package name (did you forget to declare "my $q"?) at ex-undefined.pl line 6.
  Execution of ex-undefined.pl aborted due to compilation errors.

I am aware that for shell I'd need an additional shellcheck but Python is many, many times bigger than the shell binary alone (or even the sum of the shell and shellcheck binaries), and actively changed, whereas the shell semantics is standardized and effectively frozen in time, and from the shell interpreter alone a very low startup overhead is expected.