We created a genuinely windowless branch of Chromium two years ago named Awesomium; it's free for non-commercial use and is used in several major games and commercial projects: http://www.awesomium.com
We're working on a Linux port for use server-side but that's not to say our current framework is not headless. We developed this branch to be completely independent of any windowing systems (and have even coaxed Flash and Silverlight to render correctly in such an environment)-- check out our HelloAwesomium sample in the SDK, it runs straight from the command-line and outputs a JPEG.