I haven't watched the talk recently, but my feeling at the time was that he was just being pedantic about the definition of a sum type. Kotlin's nullable types would be example of true sum types because they are symmetric. But you can only make a sum of `T + null` and not a more generic `T + U`.

His real point, I believe, was that the `Either` implementations weren't as good as true sum types because of ergonomics. It's part of his philosophy/bias that type systems get in the way and therefore cause more harm than good.

I don't really grok his point most of the time. It just feels foreign to me to not want as strong a type system as possible. But a lot of really smart guys feel that way: Him, Alan Kay, etc. I suspect that they're able to track much more stuff in their heads at a time than I am.