By default MS SQL uses pessimistic locking, depending on isolation levels. There's only one version of the data on disk and the isolation level of a transaction determines what happens - for example if a transaction in SERIALIZABLE reads a row SQL Server takes a shared read lock on that row preventing any other transaction from writing to it.
MS SQL also has snapshot (and read committed snapshot) isolation levels. These are much more like the Postgresql isolation levels - in fact Postgres only has two 'real' isolation levels, read committed and serializable, you get upgraded to the next higher level as permitted in the spec.
In snapshot isolation instead of taking a lock SQL Server copies the row to a table TempDB when it would be overwritten, additionally it adds a 14-byte row version to each row written. There's a lot of detail here: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/sq...
This is also why MS SQL maintains a clustered index on the main table - the main table only contains the latest globally-visible version, so it can be sorted. Postgres stores all versions (until vacuum removes dead rows), so the main table is a heap, only indexes are sorted.
It has a similar concept if you need MVCC (with InnoDB). It also has a concept of transaction IDs. And also need to clean them up (purge). They will both have table bloat if not done.
Since details matter, there's a post that explains it far better than I could:
