Many cathedrals have been rebuilt two or three times, and building a bigger church over the top of a smaller one is normal, but there are also plenty that have survived more or less as they are for at least several centuries. (Hell, there's an 11th century church in my home village, and it still has the door on the wrong side because the village itself was moved due to plague).

Straight masonry without rebar lasts essentially forever - think of all those Roman viaducts that are still in use. Water can wear through it eventually if the shape lets it, especially in places with freeze-thaw cycles (so there's a saying that a church will survive as long as there's someone around to clear the gutters). I guess hurricanes would probably do it if you're in a place that gets those. But there's just not a whole lot to go wrong with what's essentially a big lump of stone. (Of course a bare stone building is not particularly comfortable for living in, and you have to be a bit more careful about how you maintain wood or fabric on the inside - but the building shell itself will last as it is)