Not mentioned yet seems to be C#, which has the dotnet core "single file" packaging option. You need to read the small print on that, though, as it (a) unpacks into a temp dir at runtime and (b) last time I tried required a couple of .so files alongside the executable, missing the point entirely.
This is a little out of date; the .NET single-file situation is pretty good as of .NET 5 (which came out in 2020).
These days, if you publish a single-file app all .NET libraries live in the executable and do not need to be unpacked at runtime. Native libraries still need to get unpacked at runtime (if your application uses any; many don't), but you just set the IncludeNativeLibrariesForSelfExtract build property and everything else happens automatically for you.
