I have a similar freakish ability, but mine has to do with writing. I can basically ~see~ approximately three pages of prose in my mind's eye while writing. It only works under certain conditions, but it feels just like I'm transcribing something rather then doing any kind of deliberate thinking. People are shocked what comes out of me, and even more so when they see how quickly it happens. You would need to see me in person to experience the full effect, but my body does not match my words. Imagine the biggest lumberjack you've ever seen describing the petals of a flower with such high precision that it takes your breath away. That's me. I've started to slowly nurture this talent, because it finally occurred to me that it might be special.
Interesting, I have a similar ability but for code. I write some of the best code when I'm not at a computer because it doesn't take any time to refactor and I can play freely. A lot of the time when I write new code it's just transcribing the systems I created from memory. It's similar for reading code, being able to keep a lot of system complexity and behavior in my head at once. I wonder how common this is for mastery in other circumstances, like sports or art.
I know what you mean, I also "see" code in a similar way as the OP author explains numbers.
It's though mostly "blocks" that interact with other "blocks" and a large application is comprised of probably hundreds of blocks organised in specific shapes with interaction lines between them.
This helps me spot "poor" application design when blocks that should be separate are actually intertwined (tightly-coupled or concerns not separated).
It's sometimes hard to describe these in architecture documents or PR's as it seems not everyone is seeing the program on this level.
> You would need to see me in person to experience the full effect, but my body does not match my words.
It's fun, isn't it? One of the saddest things about aging is I never again will be a 17 year old blonde girl who looked like Rapunzel with a decade of programming experience in the mid-00s. The dissonance drove people insane.
Oh my god! I had the same experience in the late 2010s as a tiny little emo girl. The absolute shock in CS group projects with a bunch of guys who were upset that they “got put with the girl” when I had the whole thing done in an hour was chefs kiss.
I “booksmarted” so many guys in college who didn’t get that in real life you can put points into other stats like chr and it doesn’t take away from your int.
I think I was rolled by a min-maxxer: 20 INT and probably around 18 CHA (based on the fact that I could get 100 10 year olds to cooperate as one of them), but damn my CON and STR are so low I have constant pain debuffs to all my rolls. It's BS.
That’s interesting. I never “see” anything like that in my mind, but a few times in high school, I was explaining some geometric proof to a classmate; at the end, he noted that my verbal explanation and my finger pointing at the chart were compatible but out of sync with hand motion being about twice as fast, and then went to repeat both verbal and finger pointing, albeit at a slower rate, and they matched perfectly.
This happened more than once though not many times, and I considered it weird but kind of forgot about it.
This description makes me think I might have a mental canvas like this as well, except it might be a headless browser or something :)
Wow. I can’t "see" anything in my head. I think I have aphantasia (though I’m not really sure, I can see flashs of things but not keep them).
So I totally have to write the code to reason about it. I didn’t knew people could imagine portions of code so it explains some things. I’m not sure it bothers me or even if that’s abnormal because it’s always been like that so I can manage that. But it’s tiring.
But it also forced me to learn to be concise and to express the fullness of my thoughts through langage (or code). Which is really useful in this job.
Also, I have ADHD which I know from my psychiatrist affects short term memory. I wonder if "picturing" things happens in the same brain région than short term memory. It would explain a lot of things. Maybe I’m just some individual with broken RAM and I had to compensate with "overclocking" my CPU of thoughts. </personal-theory>
I do something similar when writing longer things like papers. I'll think about the general topics I want to cover and the order, highlights, etc., and then I can write 10 or 20 pages more or less as a continuous flow.
I caution against looking at numbers in any single way. The more different ways you can visualize math concepts, the better. Practice seeing them in different ways.
Sometimes numbers are for quantifying a pile of things, and 255 and 256 are basically the same.
Sometimes numbers are for cryptographically signing things, and 255 is extremely secure while 256 is completely vulnerable.
Sometimes numbers are for arranging tournaments, and 256 is a tremendously useful number while 255 is super annoying and you should look for another.
Sometimes numbers are stored in a single byte, and 256 (=0) is the friendliest number you will ever know, while 255's words are BACKED BY NUCLEAR WEAPONS.
Sometimes infinity is a useful number, sometimes it's not. Sometimes 1/2 is a useful number (pies), sometimes it's not (babies). Sometimes sqrt(-1) is a useful number, sometimes it's not. Sometimes the sum of all positive integers equals -1/12; sometimes that's stupid.
All of these situations may call for visualizing numbers differently.
While I don't think this is bad advice I don't really think it is along the same lines as what the author is describing.
This sort of thing reminds me of an article I read a while back about how some people don't have an inner monologue when they're thinking which I assumed everyone did and found wildly strange trying to think about how other people think. This article is also equally confusing to me.
I think I have aphantasia and no inner monologue. Mind you, I can summon an inner voice to compose a sentence before saying it, but when I'm thinking about something being discussed and someone asks me what my thoughts are so far... I never have any idea what to say. My mind is blank! It's always blank! There are never any discernable words or images in there to give you. If I need to communicate my thoughts, I have to spend significant amounts of time translating to words and choosing words before I can actually summarise what I was thinking, which is much more nebulous to me than words or images.
My 'thoughts' are closer to a mouse cursor changed into an hourglass while waiting for a computation to finish than 'First we need to do <XYZ>, but to do <XYZ> we need <X>, <Y>, and <Z>. To get <X>, <Y>, and <Z>, we need to ...'
I find it really hard to operate in live/in-person discussions because of this. I physically end up just as silent and blank as my mind!
I find this kind of stuff, including the authors article, weirdly fascinating. I try to do what other people describe, such as yourself, and it really is impossible. It just makes no sense to me. I'm sure I have ways of thinking as well that probably baffle other people. It's all very strange.
With that being said I wish my mind was blank sometimes, I wish my inner monologue would shut up every now and then. :)
I was surprised when I learned that everybody doesn’t have a spatial calendar. Mine is a rectangle with the first six months on top and the last six months returning in the opposite direction on the bottom, forming a cycle. (I also “feel” mathematics and code spatially.)
I’m curious why these differences happen and to what degree it’s difference in thought versus difference in conscious perception of thought.
Some people can think in numbers in a way that does not require visual representation or any kind of representation, and as such, it is also possible for such a person to express the pure idea in different ways, including numbers as shapes as the author is doing.
'Cause I am very curious how the author experiences imaginary and complex numbers ... or even negative integers, irrationals, and transcendental numbers.
Negative numbers are just like the positive ones, but kind of... the opposite. Like the indentation formed if you pressed the positive number into clay or sand or something. It's like they want to be filled or take away from something else rather than adding onto other forms.
RE how I think about imaginary or complex numbers, in short, I don't :)
I've never studied much higher math, and don't have any reason to think that I'd be particularly good at it.
The author describes thinking of 9 as floating around looking for a 1 to chomp off another number. This is very clearly designed to support good intuitions about adding in base 10, but it produces bad intuitions about binary numbers, multiplication, polynomials, etc. If faced with myriad other problems that involve 9, like, say: "which is bigger: 2^9 or 9^2?" or "how should we store words from an alphabet with 9 characters in memory?" or "how can we distribute 9 things equally?" or "for which n is 9^n + 2 prime?" or "how should we expect an atom to act if it has 9 electrons?", a completely different way of looking at the number 9 is warranted. In that last case, the exact opposite is true: 9 is desperately trying to rid itself of a 1, not find another 1 to grab.
What's interesting about it is that it may show some evidence of synesthesia being education or culture dependent.
Using base10 for numbers is taught at an early age, when the brain is forming a huge number of associations for learning, but I don't think it's been shown that synesthesia arises purely from "nature" (genetic) origins. So with the right thoughts, anyone may be able to push themselves into this state.
Author coming up with a system, and the system arising naturally are not mutually exclusive as far as we know. After all, what is natural vs... vs what, really?
I still think you're missing the point a bit. I don't think the author is doing this as some sort of trick or by design. I think they're literally describing how they visualize numbers in their head. Reading through other peoples' comments seems to support my conclusion on this.
Maybe they visualize other number relations differently in their head. To me, I could not do math in my head like this and it makes very little sense to me. I don't even really get what they're describing to be honest with you. I visualize numbers in my head as the number symbol you'd write down.
Author here: was definitely not trying to frame this as a tutorial or anything like that. I don't think that my "methods" have any particular advantages. It's just how my brain works.
> I caution against looking at numbers in any single way.
You misunderstand. This person is talking bout how they see the numbers in their minds eye meaning this is how their brain works. As a visual thinker I can relate to how there's an uncanny ability to see things as shapes or things.
I am a successful software developer and I’m terrible at math. To me, 6+3 is not an interaction between two different anything, rather, it’s a key in a hash table where I’ve stored “9” as the value. All arithmetic is rote memory recall for me. I work with complex numbers by just breaking them down into multiple steps.
Now I’m wondering if I should challenge my brain to do this differently.
Author here - like one of the other commenters said, I don't think there's anything wrong with your approach, or any way of thinking for that matter. I don't think there's anything particularly "right" or advantageous about the way my brain works either. I don't have any reason to believe I'm better at math than the average engineer - definitely not a math prodigy or super genius or something like that.
With that being said, trying to think a different way for the challenge of it is definitely interesting. Reading through some of the other comments here and trying to taste words or replicate other people's minds is a weird, fun exercise :)
I think the really great thing you did here, was just lay it out. So little is said/shown on this topic that it's really valuable to just get people conscious of their own process, so that they can compare and contrast.
I don't see his way of viewing numbers as particularly efficient. It's very inn-efficient. It's an anomaly for sure but I would hesitate to call it a talent or super human ability.
I would argue his way of thinking of numbers makes him slower at doing calculations.
When you create a 2D visual representation of a number system you want to choose a shape that has the same properties as numbers. Namely the shape must be monoidal under composition. This allows you to keep one type of shape
For example (int + int = int). When you compose two triangles together you get a parallelogram, so triangles are actually kind of bad as you would need to classify several different types as numbers. (triangle + triangle = parallelogram) The only shape that I can think of that is monoidal under arithmetic composition is rectangular quadrilaterals with at least two parallel sides.
Examples: Rectangles, parallelograms, and trapezoids each can be composed to form another shape in its own class. With rectangles likely being the most efficient representation as they are fully symmetrical (to compose two trapezoids to form a new trapezoid one trapezoid has to be inverted, this does not happen with rectangles).
So his even number visual representation is quite good (it uses blocks) but his odd number representation is all over the place and seems arbitrary. Just look at 9. It involves "orange peeling" another number just to shove it into the little dent. His system involves mutating, rotating and changing the shape of each "number" in order to perform composition. This costs more "brainpower" to do and is the main reason why I don't classify his ability as a "gift".
It's highly inefficient. I think many HNers are mistaking it for a super human ability. I don't agree. This is more of an interesting ability then it is a talent.
But that's just a guess. Would actually like to see a quantitative measure of how fast he is at adding numbers under his system. This would definitively answer the question.
I relate to the OP on a fundamental level although the literal expression would be different for me. I do not think it has any relation to speed. It is not a deliberate step. It would be slower to mimic this behavior, but if you have it by default it's just kind of there.
Certain calculations are actually faster because i begin to have faith in my feeling of the math over doing an actual calculation - with the same type of confidence i have when recalling a times table for example. Still, it usually doesnt get me all the way to an answer
There are certain mathematical rules that you can probably identify that are related to my internal expressions and how they "fit" together. For example, I do not know without calculating what "25 x 15" is, but I have an idea of what the answer feels like. anything below 100 or over 1000 feels outright OCD level out-of-place. Numbers like 114, 201, etc, feel dirty and incomplete. we can identify in this scenario that the shape / feeling of the answer for me is related to an intuition for the mathematical principle that the product of two numbers that are divisible by 5 is also divisible by 5 - but at no point did I deliberately evoke that rule when conceiving of a possible answer. Also this is a simple example, this intuition runs beyond my knowledge and ability to formally explain the principles. In reality, many such principles (learned or inferred) come together at once to feed my internal expression of the answer. A calculator says 375 is the answer, though 325 and 475 feel about the same
I do not think it makes me better at getting correct answers, but it does help me accept an answer as being correct when looking at it also feels right. It's most useful when identifying errors. There is a big help when you see "15 x 25 = 356" and without thinking you can feel internally like something is out of place, dirty, needs attention (this applies to advanced topics as well). As I said above though, more than the correct answer can have the same or similar feeling - so it is prone to false negatives
With something like math, intuition based guess work that has room for false negatives is hardly that useful overall. So maybe the only real edge it can provide is in working with novel concepts where you have to guess a direction to explore and hope you uncover something useful. That is an unfounded hypothesis though.
I fairly agree with this. I still wonder how the author visualizes irrational numbers, exponential functions, etc. and more importantly, proves some (even simple) theorems with this kind of visualization.
I have a similar impression when reading posts elsewhere about categorical structures in programming: they are repetitive and mostly trivial (actually, the category theory without context is trivial).
You might be right about this particular version of synesthesia not being too useful but I have music->visual (shape, color, texture, distance, location) synesthesia that I can turn on and off (only when smoking even small amounts of pot) and it’s a huge advantage when trying to do anything music-related.
I mean ... just as an example, what happens if what you are adding are not numbers?
For example, a string concat can be understood as an addition operation:
1 + 0 = 1 (identity)
1 + 1 = 2
1 + 2 = 3
2 + 1 = 3 (communitive)
"a" + "" = "a" (identity)
"a" + "a" = "aa"
"a" + "b" = "ab"
"b" + "a" = "ba" (non-communitive)
There's this whole intuition about addition itself that can be applied to something other than integers, and being able to reason about that is applicable to how you design software, particularly function interfaces.
Just as a note, my mother made me memorize the multiplication table when I was a kid, and I had ended up memorizing additions just through sufficient practice. I was able to intuit what additions and multiplications meant, but for the purpose of taking tests in school or doing homework, additions just pop out as answers because of the memorization. It wasn't until much later in life that I started encountering ideas such as, what if you were adding something other than numbers.
I'm surprised the author depends on a single visual model for numbers. To provide another data point, my ordinal numbers are brightly colored (maybe an association with award ribbons I'd get in elementary school); cardinals with no extra structure are specific clusters of bluish cubes (8 is 2x2x2); when ring structure shows up, they're malleable grids (maybe because the distributive law's self similarity made learning the times table easier); for just multiplication, colored lights in a poset (so L-function identities "look like" intricate lattices of Christmas lights). For general groups, not much: I just feel like I'm playing a board game.
It's hard to imagine having only one instinctive visualization for integers.
Strings with string concatenation form a monoid [1] (natural numbers with addition form a commutative monoid, and integers with addition form an abelian group). Incidentally, that was literally the topic of the first class in my first CS semester. :)
Off-topic language quirk: It seems odd to me that monoids can be 'commutative' while groups can be 'abelian' but both adjectives mean the same thing. Alas, if the language were consistent this joke wouldn't exist:
In India we learn tables (multiplication tables, but we just call them tables) from 1 to 10, and later till 20. Each one has this format,
1x1=1
1x2=2
First number is 1, so its table of 1. Then x as multiplier sign. Then a count from 1 to 10. Then = sign. Then the result. We kids are supposed to write each line in left to right direction, then move to next line.
We use paper with square tables or graph on it. Most of the time, kids simply write 1, move to next line, again write 1, all the way till 10th line. Then we move to next column, write x, then move up, x all the way till 1st line. Then 1,2,3, in next column, = in next column coming up. Then the answers going down.
I guess with enough practice they are both fine for solving known problems. I think our way is better for programming, and his way is "better" for physical building.
I don’t think there’s anything wrong with your approach - you don’t have to ‘think’ about the solution because it’s already there. I don’t know if that translates to an actual reduction in mental fatigue, but if it works for you then changing it will no doubt cause at least short term strain.
I also think there’s no need for people to feel like they need to be some math or grammar prodigy to get by in life. It’s perfectly fine to outsource your mental functions, including memory to a calculator, notebook or PKM system like Obsidian.
Neat. Some of us can't see things in our heads at all (aphantasia), so we definitely can't do things this way.
Although now that I think about it there is still some element of what's described in this article. There's no visual shape involved in the way I model numbers, but it resonates to think of 7 as "10 with a 3 missing", but also as "5 with a 2 on it". The concepts are built in reference to their closest multiple of 5, and slide between different equivalent forms as necessary in calculations.
By the way, the way I do mental math without images feels like it is using sounds and words for the short-term storage and recall. The language brain seems good at putting something aside for a minute and then bringing it back afterwards with a low chance of error, like repeating something someone just said back to them verbatim even though you weren't really listening.
The one method I am sure _doesn't_ work well for mental math is picturing the grade-school algorithms on an imaginary sheet of paper. For whatever reason it is very error-prone. I once did an informal (definitely unscientific) survey on this (30 or so people IRL plus like 100 reddit users) and iirc there was a strong correlation between "imagining the pen-and-paper algorithm", "being bad at mental math", and "not liking math". Wish I still had the data from that -- all I remember is roughly confirming my hunch that those were related. I also wrote a blog post about this a few years ago (https://alexkritchevsky.com/2019/09/15/mental-math.html) but I wish I had included the survey information in there, it would have been much more interesting.
While writing this article, I learned that Ed Catmull has aphantasia. It's amazing to me that someone with a Turing award for work on computer graphics can't mentally "see" those graphics when he closes his eyes. It'd be really eye-opening to somehow get his (or anyone else's) mental state into my own brain, just to try it out for a little.
Interesting that we share some conceptual similarities in how we think about numbers, but they're expressed through different pathways (language vs. visual.) I wonder if the people who imagine pen-and-paper stuff when doing mental math just don't have these pathways set up, and instead recall memories of math-adjacent experiences in lieu of another internal representation of numbers.
I do the same thing! Though my shapes are different, it's the same. My wife is tremendously bad at math and I kept telling her you have to picture things and she said I don't think of it that way, I just see the writing of the number itself and I say "well, that's why you're bad at math!".
I also realized early on that I could count way faster if I fought the urge to say the numbers in my head because the idea of the number would still be there. I started by saying (eh eh eh eh eh) in my head instead of (one two three four five). Eventually you can do things like run your finger across a comb and instantly know how many bristles you passed - that gives you a tactile response for each number rather than the words themselves. If you count by 2s 3s or 5s you can go even faster (which is what the circle is doing in the article). Shortening the "time" axis of the counting.
I do something very similar, but with power-2 numbers (and have done since my childhood, long before I knew what power-2 numbers were).
There's something very rhythmic about counting beats that line up with powers of 2 and I'm able to count things extremely quickly and precisely without even thinking about the numbers I'm counting. When I want to remember how much I've counted, I simply think back at where I am in the rhythm and come up with the results in a strange vibes-ey way I'm not really able to describe (for example, I'll just intuitively 'know' the difference between having counted 32 beats and 64 beats, and then I can use that knowledge to hone in on the precise number I'm at using a sort of mental binary search).
I'm sure someone with more knowledge of musical theory or neurology could provide a better explanation, but it feels like I'm somehow taking advantage of whatever part of the brain keeps track of beats and rhythms in music, then using it to count.
Edit: I just tried this technique while listening to music and, as expected, I completely lost the ability to count in this way. Almost immediately I lost track, before I even hit 16.
I was very anti-screen time, but Number Blocks changed my perspective. My kids have really accelerated their ability to process numbers just by watching this show.
Damn, I let my kids watch Alphablocks as toddlers but I never noticed Numberblocks! At 7 and 8 they're very good readers but the older one gets bored with arithmetic homework very easily. I've failed as a parent and mathematician.
> the older one gets bored with arithmetic homework very easily
Is he/she getting bored because it's too easy, or frustrated because it's too hard? I was crazy bored with arithmetic homework and I later took 2 years of math from a local university while I was still in high school because my high school ran out of high-enough-level math classes for me. Look up the story of Gauss in elementary school for a much more extreme example.
Don't assume your kid is behind at math because they don't like arithmetic homework! They could be too far ahead! Useful links if you suspect that might be the case:
I show this to my kids constantly. I love how it plants the seeds of concepts like square numbers and divisibility in a show that is ostensibly about just addition and subtraction
I had a box of these in elementary school, too. I am not great at math but these things ... I didn't get the point. They bored the hell out of me whenever we had to use them. I had some great experiences by stacking them and making jenga-like tower builds, though. I think they even came with a small booklet that showed you some basic builds. But using them to do math stuff always felt unnecessary and tedious because it was much simpler just to do it on paper or in my head.
This is how I visualize numbers. 5 and 10 are the primary blocks. 7 is a 5 with a 2 on top that could either slide off or take 3 from another number. Great to see it being taught.
We just watched their episode on zero and it was fantastic. It's a hard concept to explain and I think they did it beautifully. My toddler is addicted.
This is similar to how I see it. I have a hard time explaining how 7 is a tipsy number that's about the fall into 3 and 4, and how 9 has a voracious appetite to take away a number from another and you can't stop him. It all started when I was younger and my mom told me to bring every number down to 2s and 3s, and to always be adding or subtracting idle numbers (just numbers without any operators).
I explained it (poorly) to my wife once and she made fun of me about it. Well until our son told us years later out of the blue that it's how he sees numbers.
Things like numbers having personalities is actually a type of synesthesia! Apparently the specific name for it is "ordinal linguistic personification" [0] What the author of this article is describing is also a type of synesthesia. You should look into it!
That description is eerily close to how I feel. Seven for me is definitely a very "loosely bound" number, and it wants to separate along the three and the four.
As a person "self-diagnosed" with aphantasia, I feel cheated knowing that other people have a built in cheat-sheet. No wonder why I was struggling with memorizing things like the multiplication table in school.
FWIW, I don't have aphantasia and consider myself a very visually-oriented person when it comes to math, but doing precise arithmetic by visualizing the quantities is mind-boggling to me. I memorized the multiplication tables using a song we learned in school.
This is something I feel like we're going to have to realize more and more in society over the next decades. That a lot of people simply have genetic cheats that others are missing. At the moment we kind of pretend it's nurture to a large degree. Should we 'unbias' the world to make it more equal for everyone regardless of genetic cheat? (If so how?) What's the correct adjustment?
There’s no such thing and fortunately your vision is completely wrong.
There is no such a thing as a base or perfect model, nor goal to reach, by cheating or not.
People who are usually referred as bad at math just need another perspective. They might not understand the dominant perspective.
Compare eg. Groethendick or Lebesgue work with their contemporary fellas. And then ask yourself: why are some people more comfortable and fruitful with one perspective but not some other. Is there some constructions of some fields that will suit better one or another group of the population. Do our brains internal structure mature at the same age… etc.
I thought I was aphantasic, but after a coaching session with AphantasiaMeow, I'm sure I'm hypophantasic.
And having none is very different from having a tiny amount - I think if I was motivated I could train to have phantasic abilities.
So not always a genetic cheat sheet - just something we don't talk about or train people in, when we could. I wouldn't be able to swim either if I'd never been trained!
So, a few question to all the number-as-shapes-in-head-representators out there: What happens in front of your inner eye when you do more complicated operations like exponentials, modulo, ...? Do you have distinct visualisation for certain ways to represent a number (roots, fractions and so on) too? And do these representations help you when you solve a problem where you don't have to "count" anything, like when you have to write a proof or something?
I don't see things the exact same way as the author, though similar (simplest way I could describe it is things like addition are filling up tanks of liquid of [usually] 10^n size, though a little more amorphous and yet "jelly" than what you would normally think of as liquid? I'm finding it hard to describe).
Exponentials get represented as a third dimension; where basic arthimetic is 1 or 2d depending on the context, exponentials go into a third dimension if that makes sense.
Modulo is the leftovers / splash-out when I pour one number into several smaller containers.
Fractions are simply fractional amounts of a tank of liquid (i.e. 2/3 is simply a measuring cup filled to the 2/3 line type of thing), but I can't ever picture them very accurately for weird fractions. "Improper" fractions are basically the same as modulo.. almost as if they're unstable in my head and automatically "pour" themselves into more tanks that fill as needed until some remainder is left.
I don't have a visualization for roots, which is probably why I'm generally so bad at them.
The representations helped in engineering school for getting a "feeling" about a formula; it was often very easy to notice if an equation I was massaging had gone off the rails. For a pure proof however (not that I did much of that), it was useless.
There's a book which describes studies done on this topic [1]. I haven't read it in full, but I found it useful to know how other people have looked at this issue.
One thing that helps at lot with programming is my tendency to visualize branches and dependencies as graphs/trees as I read/write code. This makes aberrations and code smells extremely obvious. A dirty hack makes you go from something that looks like a beautiful fine-toothed comb to a comb with a cancerous tumor on it.
Cool! If the author is reading, have you looked at synaesthesia, and do you think it applies here? The idea of addition having both a visual appearance and a kinetic feel is alien to me (perhaps partly because I avoid mental arithmetic like the current plague). But it's apparently reasonably common to have colour and spatial associations with numbers.
I'm also curious if you are an unusually quick calculator compared to others you know. Synaesthetes can sometimes turn their condition into a talent, like the famous Shereshevsky who had a photographic memory; every experience was utter sensory overwhelm, making mundane information very memorable.
I'm now pretty convinced that this could be classified as some form of synesthesia, though I'd never thought of it that way before. When I'm actually doing math I tend to _feel_ the shapes of the numbers and their interactions, rather than it being a highly visual sensation like some others experience. The visualizations of the shapes only really happen when I slow down and focus.
I'm not an exceptionally quick calculator as far as I'm aware, though I've never tried to measure. I don't have strong associations with numbers greater than ten (though certain classes of numbers like multiples of five tend to have forms in some contexts), so I do arithmetic on larger numbers digit-by-digit, which is inherently kind of slow.
I have synaesthesia and your description of numbers just feels right to me. I have the fairly common association of letters and numbers with colours, which (at least with people I've shared this with) often is stronger up to 10, with further numbers typically blending the properties of their digits.
Awesome interpretation! I did not think about numbers interpretation for a long time, but numbers were always my passion, especcialy as a child. The fun fact is that I gave any number some kind of uninterpretable personality, some kind like information about its historical behaviour. and its allows me to like them more or not, give them positive or negative judging. So in case of addition, multiplication, etc (which I can do blazingly fast from my youngest) I see it as some kind of story in which numbers really meet each other and produce some results.
There is no other feeling in my mind which give me that amount of understading,but it is an understanding which cannot be formulate properly to other person. I feel it as an phenomena which origin started in my mind and grow there for my whole life (which is highly correlated with my introvert pov).
Thanks for that thoughts, all best.
From a young age I tended to assign gender to the lower numbers, no idea why. It’s roughly an even / odd thing, but not always. For example, 1 is male, 2 is female. 3 male, 4 female, 5m, 6f, 7m, 8f, 9f, 10m, 11m, 12f, …
Wow, this is utterly alien to me. I have always had a head for numbers but they are never shapes.
The unique thing I think I have is that I visualize long strings of digits as notes on a musical scale. 735 is high-low-middle. I have found I can retain strings of up to 15 or so digits in short-term memory by chunking them into triplets and memorizing them as arpeggio chords, or by their relative positions.
I am good at remembering numbers & phone numbers too!. And its similar to what you mentioned. I can recite my whole phonebook if needed, even for numbers punched 15+ years ago.
I see numbers as notes. So each unique number - say my college ID, my aunt's cell number or my driving license is a MIDI tune in my head.
Also, visually each number is like a 'identity' - not a numeral. When I had a image processing class, running an edge detector on binary images was fun. I could guess the potrait/image just looking at the numbers (just like how you'd guess animal shapes in a connect-the-dots game)
Sadly I no longer know my friends phone numbers, since the advent of smart phones. But I still know the phone numbers of anyone I regularly dialed as a child, 30 years ago.
I have all my important numbers memorized - SIN, multiple credit cards, driver's license, library card, health cards, all my financial account numbers, and the same for my partner. Do you do that too?
Do you have perfect pitch? What frequencies do the numbers have? How high is the frequency of a really large number like 1000? What about fractions and irrational numbers?
I don't, though I did play piano for 10 years starting at age 6. I think the frequencies are around middle C or so, though I haven't really checked.
Only digits have notes associated with them. A number like 1000 is just four notes in a row. Irrational numbers again are just composed of their digits.
I can taste words. Meaning some words immediately remind me of something I have eaten before. I can logically understand why some words taste like the food because they sound like the name of a food but some words don't even come close still they remind me of a certain food. I guess I am alone because I haven't found anyone who feels this way.
I’ve often wondered what it would be like to not have aphantasia, or experience synesthesia. Not keen on mind-altering substances like LSD though…
Came across the “tongue knows” meme recently and it is wild for me — perhaps as close as I might ever get! Curious if anyone else with aphantasia has the same reaction?
> Your tongue knows exactly how everything you look at will feel.
> Try it! Look at the table leg. You know what it will feel like if you lick it. Imagine licking a football. Or the couch. Whether you have or haven’t actually licked these things, when you imagine it, your tongue knows. It knows.
Related: A documentary[0] about Daniel Tammet[1] who also has synesthesia and set the European record for reciting pi from memory by recounting to 22,514 digits in five hours and nine minutes.
I was super interested in Daniel Tammet, and read his book in the past.
But then I read Moonwalking with Einstein, about a journalist's attempt to win the US memory championship. Most of the book is just about that, but he does spend a chapter critizing Daniel Tammet, basically accusing him of lying about his condition and using simple mnemonic tricks to do his "feats of memory". His case is very compelling (e.g., Tammet being inconsistent in answering how numbers "look like" in different interviews, forum posts by Tammet on mnemonic techniques before he was famous, etc).
Yes, I was looking for this. When I started reading the OP's post I immediately remember Daniel telling how he visualize numbers.
If I remember well some natural talented musicians (that didn't do a lot of formal training), also see notes/music in colors.
This made me think if I had some special talent relates to this kind of visualization but the only thing I associate with colors are places, which might explain my good orientation skills but nothing more than that.
A while back I got into thinking through allocation problems that we'd typically use numbers for without using numbers. Things like "how much what do you need to store in order to get a village of N people through winter given the following consumption pattern ..." . When you decide not to use numbers for the problem, you end up writing algorithms. Every person gets a bucket ... a ration is allocated to each bucket round-robin, and so on. You end up writing logic and proofs for why your algorithm has to terminate at the expected conclusion. That may sound fancy, but its just what you end up doing as a regular person, without even trying to be fancy. It is somehow inherent it what happens when you avoid numbers.
Your sort of just build everything you need out of analogs. It makes me think that if we were not indocrinated into numbers from an early age, we'd end up inventing them as an abstraction to the sort of thing you have to do when you're trying to avoid numbers.
Another one I suggest trying is expressing and exploring linear regression without reference to probability theory.
As an aside, my grown daughter recently told me that to her numbers have always been gendered. I ran through them quickly and she matter of factly told me their gender. She doesn't work in tech but healthcare. She said it's always been like that.
The “numbers” (rationals, mainly) definitely have a “shape” in my mind, at least up to 800 or so. When I do simple arithmetic I feel like I simply glance over to the right place and “see” the answer.
I remember as a child trying to draw the shape of the number “line” (it curls and twists) and being surprised that I was unable to do so.
This has never seemed to have given me any advantage or disadvantage in learning more complex maths than one gets in primary school. But since so much arithmetic is done in numbers less than 100 (or scaled down to that range) it does make a lot of things easier.
This is almost how adding, subtracting numbers is taught in schools here. I didn't notice this pattern when was a kid (if this was the pattern back then) but after having sat down with both my kids I can see the pedagogy clearer.
This actually inspired me to keep up with the literature the kids have to go through when they are learning math. I am a little surprised that I find it so enjoyable. There are methods I completely forgot and methods I can grasp easily and add to my existing knowledgebase..
There is always something to learn, even if it is elementary!
This is also how I see numbers. Like 7 basically being an 8 that has a notch with room for one..
At the same time, 8 is sometimes a 10 with a notch with room for 2..
Question: Did you find math easy from the beginning of school? I had immense trouble, it just didn't make sense no matter how long I looked at the shapes.. What logic was there behind the 6 shape and the 1 shape together makes the 7 shape..
Do you see negative numberse as different from positive ones, or do you just see them as positive numbers that have to be subtracted? Depending on the context, they're just a subtraction, other times I see them as white and black dots, and when there is equilibrium it is a grey plane of 0, and when add some to the plane, that number of that sign will be visible, for example, you have 0 + 3 = 3 white ones, then you add two black ones ( 0 + 3 + (-2) ) = 1 and the two black ones merge with the white ones and become grey and then you see only the one white one that 's left.. It goes that if you then add two more black ones, ( 0 + 3 + (-2) + (-2) ) = -1 one of the black ones merge with the remaining white one, and there is one black one left on the plane.
I eventually got the basics.. these days, I still prefer using letters instead of the actual numbers, and deal with the abstract instead of the concrete and just let the computer do the calculation if a concrete value is needed.
I'm trying to actually figure out how I handle this myself. I definitely don't visualize numbers to nearly the extent of the OP, but I guess I do to some extent kiiind of 'see' the blocks of 10. IE if I add 8 + 5, I do think of the 5 splitting into a 2 and a 3, and I guess there's an.. almost visual aspect to it. It's just in situations with carries though; I certainly don't visualize each number as a different shape.
That's very interesting! I see numbers as... The actual numbers along a line which is a bit more like stairs. The number 8 is higher up than the number 5. My own Rainman visualisation is that when I write a text I can _feel_ what others will feel when they read what I've written. Whether it's funny, sad or boring (or clever!) I can just read the passage and at the same time feel what my readers will feel.
Somewhat tangentially related, I am bilingual and I view numbers mostly as two separate languages depending on context of where I first see / use them. Sometimes a unified mental image is also stored for fast access.
I find it interesting that in the UK a primary school child (say aged about 7) would trivially know that "80 + 4" is 84, but for the problem "4 x 20 + 10 + 7 = ?", might require quite a lot of effort to work out that the answer is 97.
In France, "97" is said "Quatre vinght dix sept", i.e. 4x20+10+7. This is apparently acceptable to the brain as a final answer, there's no way to collapse it to "90+7".
This sounds exactly like synesthesia[0]. My synesthesia is mostly grapheme-color synesthesia, where I "see" words, letters, and numbers as certain colors in my mind's eye. For me, the letter 'A' is red, which is apparently very common among synesthetes. January is dark purple and March is blue. Not 100% sure if this is part of my synesthesia, but sometimes it seems to manifest in other ways, like how I relate certain songs to animals. The author's synesthesia is extremely interesting though!
On a related note, I wouldn't be surprised if synesthesia is actually more common than we currently think because a lot of people who have it think it's normal or never thought anything of it.
I think what is uncommon in this scenario is that some people have a greater aptitude to express what they visualize. To communicate what is in their mind. To convert what is abstract thought into some form of communication. We all visualize numbers in a myriad of ways. For example, for me, numbers are not individual things or shapes. I see them as abstract spaces that are part of a greater whole (base 10). Its a thing that exists in my mind I cannot quite decribe. A very abstract blob of colors that diving a whole into units. Those boundaries shift and change when I think mathematically. I only "see" it when I try to describe it. Otherwise it happens automatically just like driving a manual car without giving it much thought.
To me this is a good reminder of our brain's weird ability to take any abstract thing, use it over and over to figure out some common rules, and translate it into a model which uses the good old physical-world concepts we're used to reasoning about.
The consequence is, I don't think there is a 'right' visualization for numbers. You either have an exact model of mathematics in your brain, or you have some approximation thereof, which by definition has to be wrong in some way (but is easier to get / reason about). There is only one true model (if we all agree to use the same axioms, etc), but an infinite amount of approximations, which make them each unique. Fun to think about.
I’ve always been really curious about how other developers visualize our system. I know that we tend to use architecture diagrams as a common language for major components, but I don’t see the system in boxes and ovals, each of the components are very different.
Sometimes they become characters, with personalities, quirks, and flaws. Sometimes they’re looming and intimidating, sometimes they seem childish. When I’m onboarding to a new codebase, the better I get to know these characters, the better I know the system.
There is a really distinct feeling I have about the fact that 2 times 8=16 and 3 times 6=18. Really hard to describe but something like 8 and 6 being siblings fighting about who is stronger/bigger.
I see time differently, days of the week, yearly calendar, distance units, temperature. All these, maybe more I can't recall now, visualize different from just numbers. E.g. the year is a loop. If I want to recall a month name, I always see a part of that loop, and the camera is not fixed. I'm fairly certain my mind didn't come up with this on its own, but there were some visual that got paired with it. Same with numbers I suspect, but this one is more obvious.
I have this as well, including the loops for time units (day, week, year) and varying “camera” perspectives. Sometimes it’s labelled as “space-sequence synesthesia” (or “space-time”, which sounds cooler but doesn’t cover the non-time sequences like temperature). Always fun to find someone else with it in the wild!
That does sound like synesthesia. I have sound -> touch synesthesia. There's some discussions about whether a pretty big percentage of people have some form or another actually
Welp... now i understand why I've only encountered like one other person that seemed to immediately understand what I was talking about when I used the word "thought-shapes".
Since Stephen Hawking’s movement was limited for much of his life, he claimed that he had learned to do more math quickly in his head via visualizing geometry. Seems similar.
I don't see numbers, but I “see” musical notes (mostly as places in space) although it's partly also a feeling as well (so a major chord has a distinct feel to it and a place in space based on its pitches). When I learned flute, it was a bit disconcerting to me because my primary instruments, piano and double bass, placed as notes got higher they were farther away from me, but on the flute the high notes were closer. It still messes me up a little.
Heh. For me all the odds are male and the evens are female. Except for 10; he's a dude.
My weird thing is that they all have a color. 0 is gray, 1 is blue, 2 is yellow, 3 is red, 4 is green, 5 is blue again, 6 is purple, 7 is red, 8 is orange, 9 is yellow. After 9, it's just the last digit that typically "colors" the number in my head.
this comes as no surprise. But Camerron's post illustrates a deeper issue.
The world we live in is a mental model created by our brains, and the data that underlies the model is supplied by our senses. The model we make will differ depending on which of our senses is dominant.
For example, my primary sense is vision. When I read fiction, I often see pictures in fiction my head. I can be thrown out of a story because the pieces don't fit together, and I find myself saying "You can't get there from here!"
But vision isn't everyone's primary sense. My SO is a good example. She's extremely nearsighted. Without her glasses, anything farther than about 2' from her face is a blur. Her primary sense is hearing. When she asks me a technical question, my first impulse is to grab pencil and paper and draw a diagram. That conveys nothing to her, so I need to find a different metaphor based on hearing to describe the underlying concept.
I corresponded with a chap years back whose primary sense was touch. He felt holes in arguments. And in the oddest case I recall hearing of, there was a chap who could not find his way to the office in the morning. He was not stupid, and was a trained engineer. But testing revealed he was not visual at all. Landmarks conveyed nothing to him. He did have a strong kinesthetic sense. So he was driven from his home to his office in a low slung sports car that transmitted every dip and curve in the toad to the passengers. Thereafter, he could find his way to the office with no problem,. because his body remembered what the drive felt like.
I've spent a fair it of time over the years exploring where people are coming from in discussions. "Yes, I understand what you believe. You've made that quite clear and explicit. My question is why you believe it? How did you adopt this belief? What makes it emotionally satisfying to you?' Belief systems like religion and politics live on an emotional level, and aren't usually amenable to rational argument but cause they aren't rational in origin.
What our primary sense is and how that affects your view of the world my be more critical than you assume. No, you aren't representative, and others may not share your experience.
Not exactly the same but I recently found some people thinking in numbers, subtractions, and additions because they're more used to digital clocks.
While I'm an analog guy and I'm thinking in geometry. For example, if I sleep 7 hours at 10 pm, I'm getting up at 4 + 1 = 5, (the opposite of 10 is 4 which equals six hours).
I recognize these, but they're not what come to mind when I think of my early math education (mostly times table worksheets, or seeing a teacher do long division on the whiteboard.) Definitely possible that they influenced my thinking, though.
> Beyond the first ten natural numbers, some have unique forms
Such a fascinating read, thank you! I'd love to read/see more about those other numbers with unique forms, and also features of the way numbers combine. (like the way you described 7+3 or 9+x), I want a part 2! Thanks again.
Thank you! I didn't include them because there aren't many, but I can expand a bit here.
Beyond 10, it's mostly classes of numbers that have unique forms, rather than the numbers themselves. So 15, 25, and 35 to some extent are somewhat of a stair pattern made of three squares, and they want to interlock nicely with each other. Things like powers of two also take on these sorts of interlocking forms, so maybe it's just numbers where I've memorized their doubled versions over time.
Low multiples of three from around 18 through 27 take on a sort of blobby trefoil shape and want to be divided into three parts. Higher, obvious multiples of three like 333 or 666 are similarly tri-lobed, but each lobe is a bit spikier in a way. I don't really have any strong associations with operations for these apart from splitting them into three. Again, I wonder if this is a sort of learned association from multiples of three that I encounter a lot.
Thank you. I would interview you exhaustively about this if I could :-), I find it so fascinating. Well, I'm still hoping for a part 2 sometime. I'd love to read whatever words and pictures you write about this. (To me, surprisingly, it seems not weird at all, although I have nothing like that.)
I remember a documentary on a math prodigy from the UK, he visualized numbers similarly using shapes and emotions and similar concepts. Naturally, he also hard a hard time how he “just knew” how to multiply huge numbers in his head or recite the digits of pi.
I think this might help for doing arithmetic in your (or my) head because just remembering the numbers, it's hard to keep everything in working memory for me. But, using shapes, I think it puts the number somewhere you can hold on to it better.
This is basically exactly me, except I don't have as concrete of a feel of the actual shapes, all I know is that 9's slice off ones from other numbers, not that actual shape of the number that allows it to do wo.
in my 20's I went through a numerology phase and began taking the digital roots of everything, it became a habit and now I can't not do it. I developed a really similar sort of visual mechanical sense for the digits 0-9 where the digits click together as if they were magnets and the closer they are to 5 the more they repel their own parts (eg two 5's might easily disintegrate to snap into a nearby pair of 3's). it's really interesting to hear about other versions of this sort of thing.
I see nothing; for the most part there is no mind's eye, but there is a mind voice, and that's what performs mathematical operations (and everything else for that matter).
@author - is there anything special about the way you visualize prime numbers? I'm wondering if there are indicators for you that a given number would be prime.
Some low primes above ten are slightly pointier than I'd expect them to be (not sure where that expectation is coming from...), but that trend doesn't continue for very long - stops way before triple digits. I think it's likely a characteristic I've assigned to those numbers after repeatedly encountering them in a context where I needed to know they were prime, rather than some innate sense I have for detecting which numbers are prime or not.
Does thinking about numbers this way lead to human calculator abilities? For example, if someone asked you on the spot what 4343 * 1234 is, would you be able to immediately give the correct answer? I hope this doesn't come across as disrespectful. I'm only asking because I love magic tricks. For example, John Conway published his mental model once for computing the day of week for any date and it was simple enough that pretty much any school kid who learned it could use the doomsday algorithm to convince their peers they've got rainman level skills.
Nope, I definitely do not have human calculator abilities. I'd solve your example problem with long multiplication, and would likely be unable to do so without pen and paper. The only difference is that each single digit multiplication or addition would be done with shapes. The shapes and their interactions seem to be more of a memory recall aid for things I already know (small addition and multiplication tables), rather than tools for solving problems I haven't seen before.
This blew my mind. I would never have guessed that this was a thing. I wonder if the mathematician Ramanujan had a visualizing ability similar to this.
No color associations for me. In fact, I mostly "feel" the shapes I describe in the article rather than seeing them constantly. The pictures I ended up drawing are what the shapes would look like if you could drag them out into the real world and shine a light on them, but otherwise they're generally invisible in my head.
My visualizations are definitely heavily base-10-centric. I did some experiments with visualizing numbers in other bases while doing this writeup, and I've come to the conclusion that I just convert each digit to its base 10 equivalent and add. My mental representation for 0x6a, for example, takes on the same shape as (6 * 16) + 10 in my head.
Negatives are the same shape as their positive counterpart, but the inverse. So where there would normally be a shape for the number, there's instead a void or impression that wants to be filled.
tangentially, I wonder if this is one of the reasons why Chinese are often better at math. some have argued that idiosyncrasies in speaking the language might play a role (such as being able to detect tone changes). That may be true, but also when they are looking at a number 2, it looks like two somethings. our 2 looks nothing like two somethings.
On the contrary there is enough evidence that top mathematical competitions (IMO, Schweitzer, Putnam competition etc.) have been dominated by Russians & Slavics for a very long time. Same holds for Fields & Abel prizes. The link between phonetics & notations have little to do with proficiency. Basic arithmetic upto counting 5 maybe - when numbers are like 一 ニ 三. But beyond that the association seems tenuous. Math isn't just arithmetic.
Asian kids have a lot of study drills. The amount of after-class homework that I see kids doing makes me sad. Arithmetic gets better with practice. No magic formula
Here’s a pretty good write-up of the point you cover as well as the point others have made that the Chinese are able to quickly memorize 9 digits vs 7 digits for English speakers possibly because the names of their numbers are shorter.
yeah, hacker news would rather just downvote me instead of actually think for a change. I didnt say it was proven, nor the only reason - just that some say the language itself may provide some advantage. then you get like idiots above saying 'its only because of the drills!'. the world is rife with such simple minded thought.
It seemed to me that the author was describing his instinctive mental representation of numbers, and not that mental math is only achieved by using shape-analogs.
I've never thought about it before, but while I definitely don't have as distinct models as the author, I do understand and agree with an instinct around numbers "fitting" together to make tens, and it definitely informs how I break down e.g. triple digit mental addition.
Why not make all the integers square blocks? Then everything fits together. It seems strange what's going on with the odd numbers. Especially adding something to 9 is even stranger. Seems arbitrary rather then instinctive.
I don't have a visual representation for numbers, but numbers with a 9 at then end like say 29 in my mind is always transformed in to 30-1 , so instinctively (nobody teaches me this) computations like 29 + 15 = (30 -1) + 15 = 30 +15 -1 =45-1. This makes it more easy for multiplications 2915= 3015 - 15 . I could apply this for numbers ending with 7 or 8 but it does not fill natural for me as 9.
Oh that's a symbolic reflex. totally normal, I have shortcuts in my brain like that too. But the Article describes a visual entity... a block with a dent (the number 9) then the dent orange peeling another number until it's smaller.
You seem to be carrying the impression that this is deliberately constructed -- it's not, this is just part of the author's intuitive representational system. He's not "making it" one way or the other. It's made; he's perceiving it.
I literally asked if it was a condition or if it was deliberately constructed. If I asked that question, how am I implying it was deliberate? Did you read my post?
I used learned behavior as a synonym to deliberate construction in the sense that we construct things from what we learn.
But let's say you're right. If that's the case, then you're entire response is off base. You claim I am implying it's "Deliberately constructed." How could I imply something was "Deliberately constructed" if I asked it was "learned" or "related to synesthesia." Neither of those options involve "deliberate construction."
Er. Why don't you read my post again. I don't understand how you derived all that from what I wrote. I literally said this method was inefficient and asked how about whether it's a condition or he learned it.
As another commenter pointed out, you literally did not.
In fact, you went so far as to imply that it's constructed and not synesthesia.
As the same commenter pointed out, if multiple people have interpreted your comment in a particular way, regardless of your intentions, then it's maybe time to step back and re-evaluate.
>In fact, you went so far as to imply that it's constructed and not synesthesia.
No that implication is your and the other commenters imagination. READ my comment again.
> As the same commenter pointed out, if multiple people have interpreted your comment in a particular way, regardless of your intentions, then it's maybe time to step back and re-evaluate.
So serious. If multiple commenters interpreted my intention wrong then that's my bad wording is off. I mean it's not a huge deal. If I correct my mistake, and I inform you of my true intention, What then is the big deal?
Your telling me to take a step back and re-evaluate as if problems with my wording violated criminal law? I clarified my intent all you need to do is address it.
IN addition to this, there is the factor of actual grammatical English language interpretation vs. popular interpretation. There is something to say that the English definition and intent of my sentence holds equal ground to a popular misinterpretation.
It would be even better if he visualized the universe as a quantum superposition of states that collapses to a single answer when supplied a problem. That way he could solve things which NFAs can!
No why doesn't he just visualize everything as blocks like he does with even numbers. Why throw a dent in the number 9 and make it act like a can opener?
I'm not being pretentious here. Literally his model looks like some over engineered contraption.
I suspect he’s describing how it is, not claiming that it provides any utility. It’s just someone sharing some aspect of their experience with the universe, not someone prescribing a technique.
I can see how you concluded the latter, since this site frequently have posts with this style of title where the upshot is an implied “and why you should too”. This time, though? This time it’s just someone’s blog where they’re telling you how it is for them.
As far as I can tell, they didn’t share it on here and they’re not proselytizing the experience. It just is.
Seems like enough people have the same confusion that it might be a worthwhile exercise to evaluate whether you are effectively communicating what you believe yourself to be.
Hence my response. It clarifies my intent. Your response to me indicates that you are now aware of what I'm communicating. Thus it might be a worthwhile exercise to address that rather then go on some needless tangent on some misinterpreted wording.
Additionally grammar matters. Technically the english meaning of my sentences do not imply what most people believed I said.
not necessarily. only if you think in terms of cou ting does your sense make priority. if I were to think in terms of multiplication - circles are more useful for a lot things.
Circles cannot compose under addition or multiplication. You can combine two blocks to form a new block. You can combine two integers to form a new integer.
You cannot compose two circles to form a new circle.
Composition can either be multiplication or addition. In short integers are monoidal under both multiplication and addition, circles are not as you can't physically combine circles to form a new circle without mutating the shape of the circle itself.
This means circles are a bad shape compared with blocks to use for addition and multiplication.
I think it's more of the latter. The shapes are not there to help him do arithmetic in a more efficient way. The shapes are there just because that's how numbers are represented in the author's brain.
I experienced similar things growing up. For my case, it was usually colors. Each number was associated with a specific shade of color, but in my case it was less about the numbers themselves; it was more contextual. Eg. The number four represented different colors depending on whether it was describing the time of day, the number of floors on a building, or amount in currency.
I had brought this up in my youth only to be met with derision and threatened with being labeled "abnormal" by the authority figures, so I worked to suppress and hide this aspect. (South Korean society had a lot of backwards ideas in the 90s).
Minus the contextual thing... colors are monoidal under RGB. Its a 3 dimensional vector with all the properties of numbers.
All of this is because our eyes have 3 color detectors, RGB. The reality is, RGB is just a mapping. Actual color is a singular number scalar based off the wavelength of light. So colors are actually a GOOD choice for number representation.
The real question is how do colors compose in your brain? If you encountered two numbers 8 and 9. Could you add those numbers just thinking in terms of colors? What about for large numbers, there must be large enough numbers where no color mapping exists as colors have limited range in our spectrum of vision. How does your brain picture 9999999999999999999999?
Even if it's contextual if your brain follows consistent logic during composition of numeric entities it's still a valid analogy. The can opener number 9 just seems completely over engineered.