This would get very specific to the organ systems involved, and starts to get above my understanding, but it'd be things like:
Coronary calcium scan to check for the progress of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries, ultrasound of the kidneys, maybe the heart to check for left ventricular hypertrophy (or do you need an echocardiogram for that?), ultrasound for the carotid arteries, etc.
It's a cumulative thing. There are ways to ascertain the damage, but not through routine tests.
>GP got the usual indicators into shape. Is all the 'racking up damage' reversed in OPs case ?
Particularly in the case of cardiovascular damage like atherosclerosis and resulting kidney damage, narrowing arteries, etc, no it's not reversed.