That's a signal you can more easily get from a practice interview. In a real interview, you have no idea why you were rejected.

Maybe you don't present well. Maybe you present perfectly well, but somebody else had slightly more experience dealing with a specific problem the company needs solved. Maybe they already decided to hire somebody, but needed to conduct interviews anyway to satisfy the lawyers.

Is there a good way to extract that information out of an interview? I always ask for feedback, but I rarely get it.

OP wasn't discussing a singular instance, but what you can infer if it keeps happening. As N increases the role of luck decreases.

Is it though? Surely it could equally show progression - edging in to the next range up, so always offered the lower end (not the upper end of the range for the more junior role you've moved out of). Just a thought.