Java and Rust have similar goals, you can see it in the design of the language and the ecosystem. I lived in the early Java ecosystem and the Rust ecosystem has a similar vibe. They were both attacking the same problem but were are products of their respective times. The key difference is that Rust was able to learn from Java's mistakes and make ambitious technical bets that would not have been feasible at the time Java was designed. Java was invented when most serious applications were written in C and sometimes early versions of C++. It eliminated much of the conceptual complexity that made it difficult for all but the best developers to be productive in C or C++. In this Java was a massive success, it was easy to scale development even if you didn't have the world's best engineers.

Java's mistake is that they went much too far when they nerfed the language. For highly skilled developers that could write robust C or C++, the poor expressiveness of Java made many easy things difficult or impossible. It was clearly a language designed with business logic in mind, any systems-y software was an afterthought. The release of C++11 ushered in the era of "modern" C++, killing Java's momentum in the systems-y software space.

Rust, in my view, attempts to solve the same abstract problem as Java -- we will never produce enough developers that are competent at writing C or C++. Rust talks about "safety by design" in the same way Java did when it was first released. However, it does so without being so limited that highly skilled software engineers will find the language unusable or giving up so much runtime performance that the operational economics are poor. In my mental taxonomy, Rust is pretty close to what Java intended to be but then never quite delivered on.