Ring -1 is the host system / virtual machine manager when the ring 0 OS is runni...

		okanat 11 months ago \| parent \| context \| favorite \| on: DEF Con 32 – AMD Sinkclose Universal Ring-2 Privil... Ring -1 is the host system / virtual machine manager when the ring 0 OS is running as a VM. Ring -2 is more privileged than that since it can interrupt Ring -1 and can affect the execution of VM instructions.