I thought we were talking about the role of colonization in violence in China over the past 250 years. Most events you listed (Taiping rebellion, Boxer rebellion, CCP-KMT civil war) were the result of weakening of the Qing dynasty by foreign powers, its downfall, the chaos this produced during the Warlord era. The Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution (again I’m not exonerating them) were themselves in large part reactions to the legacy of imperialism on China.